2. Show HN: Termcraft - Rust 中終端優先的 2D 沙盒生存遊戲 Termcraft – terminal-first 2D sandbox survival in Rust (github.com)
8. Show HN: Joonote - 鎖屏和通知面板上的記事應用程序 Joonote – A note-taking app on your lock screen and notification panel (joonote.com)
9. 快、慢、人工思考:人工智能如何重塑人類的推理能力 Thinking Fast, Slow, and Artificial: How AI Is Reshaping Human Reasoning (papers.ssrn.com)
10. 拒絕使用耳機的乘客現在可能會被趕下美聯航航班 Passengers who refuse to use headphones can now be kicked off United flights (www.cnn.com)
13. Show HN: 人工智能 SDLC 支架,用於人工智能輔助軟件開發的 repo 模板 AI SDLC Scaffold, repo template for AI-assisted software development (github.com)
14. Ubuntu 26.04 結束了沉默的 sudo 密碼長達 46 年的歷史 Ubuntu 26.04 Ends 46 Years of Silent sudo Passwords (pbxscience.com)
16. Show HN: 將 LLM 提示壓縮 50-80% 的確定性中間件 A deterministic middleware to compress LLM prompts by 50-80% (github.com)
17. 私人月球著陸器的首次科學實驗挑戰月球鴻溝 First science from private Moon lander challenges lunar divide (www.science.org)
18. MacBook Neo 發佈後,蘋果宣佈 Mac 銷量再創新高 Apple Announces New Mac Sales Record Following MacBook Neo Launch (www.macrumors.com)
19. 歐洲資深記者因人工智能生成語錄被停職 Senior European journalist suspended over AI-generated quotes (www.theguardian.com)
22. Grafeo - 使用 Rust 構建的快速、精簡、可嵌入的圖形數據庫 Grafeo – A fast, lean, embeddable graph database built in Rust (grafeo.dev)
24. 人工智能團隊操作系統--將克勞德代碼變成自我管理的人工智能團隊 AI Team OS – Turn Claude Code into a Self-Managing AI Team (github.com)
26. 保存哺乳動物大腦,實現死後復活的重大飛躍 Major leap towards reanimation after death as mammal''s brain preserved (www.newscientist.com)
28. HN:Ironkernel--Python 表達式、Rust 並行程序 How HN: Ironkernel – Python expressions, Rust parallel (github.com)
29. 為什麼西方汽車製造商在電動汽車領域的退縮有可能使它們變得無關緊要? Why western carmakers'' retreat from electric risks dooming them to irrelevance (www.theguardian.com)
31. 巴黎市長取消停車位,"大幅 "減少汽車數量 Mayor of Paris removed parking spaces, "drastically" reduced the number of cars (www.cnn.com)
32. Show HN: 我修復了 FFmpeg 的字幕轉換(2014 年的錯誤) I fixed FFmpeg''s subtitle conversion (the bug from 2014) (connollydavid.github.io)
33. 比亞迪如何讓電動汽車充電器的工作速度幾乎與加油泵一樣快 How BYD Got EV Chargers to Work Almost as Fast as Gas Pumps (www.wired.com)
34. Atuin v18.13 - 更好的搜索、PTY 代理和外殼人工智能 Atuin v18.13 – better search, a PTY proxy, and AI for your shell (blog.atuin.sh)
35. 阻止互聯網檔案不會阻止人工智能,但會抹去網絡的歷史記錄 Blocking Internet Archive Won''t Stop AI, but Will Erase Web''s Historical Record (www.eff.org)
42. 我們為每個用戶提供共享 ClickHouse 集群的 SQL 訪問權限 We give every user SQL access to a shared ClickHouse cluster (trigger.dev)
43. 為什麼不能用一個調來統領所有調:我們其他人的閾值簽名 Why One Key Shouldn''t Rule Them All: Threshold Signatures for the Rest of Us (eric.mann.blog)
47. purl:一款類似 curl 的命令行工具,用於發送需要支付的 HTTP 請求 purl: a curl-esque CLI for making HTTP requests that require payment (www.purl.dev)
48. 圖靈獎授予貝內特和布拉薩德量子信息科學獎 Turing Award Honors Bennett and Brassard for Quantum Information Science (amturing.acm.org)
52. 佛羅里達州一家醫院的一名臨產婦女因拒絕剖宮產而被帶入Zoom法庭 Woman in Labor at Florida Hospital Brought in Zoom Court for Refusing C-Section (www.propublica.org)
55. 《Linux 應用程序實例編程:基礎 API(第 2 版)》 Linux Applications Programming by Example: The Fundamental APIs (2nd Edition) (github.com)
58. Monkey C——適用於 Garmin 智能手錶應用的簡易語言 Monkey C – Small familiar language for apps on Garmin watches (developer.garmin.com)
60. Show HN: Red Grid Link——通過藍牙實現的點對點團隊追蹤,無需服務器 Red Grid Link – peer-to-peer team tracking over Bluetooth, no servers (github.com)
62. 停用GLP-1受體激動劑後,心臟病發作和中風的風險會急劇上升 Heart Attack and Stroke Risk Jumps When People Stop Taking GLP-1s (nautil.us)
64. Show HN: 我們用Fortran編寫了一個僅限終端使用的Bluesky / AT Proto客戶端 We built a terminal-only Bluesky / AT Proto client written in Fortran (github.com)
65. 我們將 Rust WASM 解析器重寫為 TypeScript 版本——運行速度提升了 3 倍 We rewrote our Rust WASM Parser in TypeScript – and it got 3x Faster (www.openui.com)
66. Show HN: 波羅的海隱形艦隊追蹤器——實時AIS、電纜接近警報 Baltic shadow fleet tracker – live AIS, cable proximity alerts (github.com)
78. 隨著油價上漲,司機紛紛放棄汽油車,比亞迪押注電動汽車的戰略正逐漸顯現成效 BYD''s bet on EVs is paying off as drivers ditch gas amid rising oil prices (electrek.co)
81. Launch HN: Sitefire(YC W26)——通過自動化操作提升AI可視性 Sitefire (YC W26) – Automating actions to improve AI visibility (news.ycombinator.com)
82. MacBook M5 Pro 與 Qwen3.5 本地人工智能安全系統 MacBook M5 Pro and Qwen3.5 Local AI Security System (www.sharpai.org)
85. 加密貨幣在伊利諾伊州初選中90%的支出未能達到預期目標 90% of crypto''s Illinois primary spending failed to achieve its objective (www.mollywhite.net)
86. 並行 Perl——帶 JIT 的自動並行化解釋器 Parallel Perl – autoparallelizing interpreter with JIT (perl.petamem.com)
87. 俄勒岡州學校手機禁令:“積極參與的學生,樂在其中的教師” Oregon School Cell Phone Ban: ''Engaged Students, Joyful Teachers'' (portlandtribune.com)
90. Super Micro股價暴跌25%,因聯合創始人被指控參與25億美元走私案 Super Micro Shares Plunge 25% After Co-Founder Charged in 2.5B Smuggling Plot (www.forbes.com)
97. 惠普意識到,強制規定15分鐘的客服電話等待時間並非優質服務 HP realizes that mandatory 15-minute support call wait times isn''t good support (arstechnica.com)
98. 一項關於精神分裂症的研究發現了新的生物標誌物及用於治療症狀的候選藥物 Schizophrenia study finds new biomarker, drug candidate to treat symptoms (news.northwestern.edu)
101. 《世界報》通過健身應用實時定位法國航空母艦 France''s aircraft carrier located in real time by Le Monde through fitness app (www.lemonde.fr)
104. 浮動溼地可改善水質,大幅減少溫室氣體排放 Floating wetlands boost water quality, slash greenhouse emissions (www.science.org)
105. Windows 遭人憎惡的原因正呈爆發式增長:這是個人計算時代的終結 [視頻] The Reason Windows Hate Is Exploding: It''s the End of Personal Computing [video] (www.youtube.com)
107. Show HN: Sonar – 一個輕量級的命令行工具,用於查看和終止本地主機上正在運行的任何進程 Sonar – A tiny CLI to see and kill whatever''s running on localhost (github.com)
108. 使用 FFmpeg 中的 Vulkan 計算著色器進行視頻編碼與解碼 Video Encoding and Decoding with Vulkan Compute Shaders in FFmpeg (www.khronos.org)
110. 3M退出PFAS市場,導致數據中心兩相浸沒冷卻的供應鏈陷入癱瘓 3M''s PFAS exit killed the supply chain for two-phase immersion cooling in DCs (thecoolingreport.com)
115. 埃塞克斯警方暫停使用人臉識別攝像頭,此前一項研究發現其中存在種族偏見 Essex police pause facial recognition camera use after study finds racial bias (www.theguardian.com)
116. Cursor Composer 2 其實就是 Kimi K2.5 加上 RL Cursor Composer 2 is just Kimi K2.5 with RL (twitter.com)
118. 買者自負:你告訴AI的內容可能會且將會被用來對付你 CAIveat Emptor: What You Tell AI Can and Will Be Used Against You (natlawreview.com)
120. 受影響的FSFE支持者:支付服務商Nexi已終止與我們的合作 FSFE supporters affected: Payment provider Nexi cancelled us (fsfe.org)
122. Kin:一種語義版本控制系統,它將代碼視為實體而非文件進行追蹤 Kin: Semantic version control that tracks code as entities, not files (github.com)
123. 自由軟件基金會因版權侵權問題向Anthropic發出警告:請免費分享你們的大語言模型 FSF Threatens Anthropic over Infringed Copyright: Share Your LLMs Freel (www.fsf.org)
124. 物理學家追蹤太陽磁場引擎,其位置位於地表以下20萬公里處 Physicists Trace Sun''s Magnetic Engine, 200k Kilometers Below Surface (news.njit.edu)
128. 使用現代 CSS 實現 Cover Flow:滾動驅動的動畫實戰 (2025) Cover Flow with Modern CSS: Scroll-Driven Animations in Action (2025) (addyosmani.com)
129. 全面披露:發現第三個(及第四個)Azure 登錄日誌繞過漏洞 Full Disclosure: A Third (and Fourth) Azure Sign-In Log Bypass Found (trustedsec.com)
133. 我製作了一個夾式肌肉傳感器,以便私人教練能向客戶展示訓練進展 I built a clip-on muscle sensor so personal trainers can show clients progress (inara.technology)
135. 向賭客大肆推送優惠活動會大大增加投注和賭博帶來的危害 Bombarding gamblers with offers greatly increases betting and gambling harm (www.bristol.ac.uk)
138. 小米推出續航902公里、配備激光雷達的下一代SU7,價格仍低於特斯拉 Xiaomi launches next-gen SU7 with 902 km range and Lidar, still undercuts Tesla (electrek.co)
141. 特納雙胞胎如何打破現代功能性服裝的迷思 How the Turner twins are mythbusting modern technical apparel (www.carryology.com)
143. EsoLang-Bench:通過晦澀語言評估大型語言模型中的真實推理能力 EsoLang-Bench: Evaluating Genuine Reasoning in LLMs via Esoteric Languages (esolang-bench.vercel.app)
144. Clockwise已被Salesforce收購,並將於下週停止運營 Clockwise acquired by Salesforce and shutting down next week (www.getclockwise.com)
148. 特斯拉:全自動駕駛(FSD)性能退化檢測系統失效 [pdf] Tesla: Failure of the FSD''s degradation detection system [pdf] (static.nhtsa.gov)
149. 日常非顯示型智能眼鏡使用中的成功與失敗 Successes and Breakdowns in Everyday Non-Display Smart Glasses Use (arxiv.org)
152. Show HN: 我構建了一個點對點網絡,其中人工智能代理發佈經過形式驗證的科學成果 I built a P2P network where AI agents publish formally verified science (news.ycombinator.com)
153. 一個失控的人工智能在Meta引發了一起嚴重的安全事件 A rogue AI led to a serious security incident at Meta (www.theverge.com)
154. NanoGPT Slowrun:數據效率提升10倍,計算能力無限 NanoGPT Slowrun: 10x Data Efficiency with Infinite Compute (qlabs.sh)
157. Android:在開放性、選擇權與安全性之間取得平衡 Android: Balancing Openness and Choice with Safety (android-developers.googleblog.com)
158. 《Obra Dinn 歸來》:適用於 1bpp 第一人稱遊戲的球面映射抖動技術 Return of the Obra Dinn: spherical mapped dithering for a 1bpp first-person game (forums.tigsource.com)
159. 英國通信管理局(Ofcom)今日因4chan未實施年齡驗證機制,對其處以45萬英鎊罰款 UK''s Ofcom has today fined 4chan 450k for not having age checks in place (www.ofcom.org.uk)
162. 擴展卡帕西的Autoresearch:當代理獲得GPU集群時會發生什麼 Scaling Karpathy''s Autoresearch: What Happens When the Agent Gets a GPU Cluster (blog.skypilot.co)
163. Show HN: 我放棄了Wix,轉而使用AI Edge代理,這樣我就再也不用僱傭初級員工了 Dumped Wix for an AI Edge agent so I never have to hire junior staff (axoworks.com)
164. 美國論壇4Chan調侃英國因違反網絡安全規定被罰款52萬英鎊 US messageboard 4Chan mocks 520k fine for UK online safety breaches (www.bbc.com)
165. 我將 Markdown 轉化為一種生成式 UI 協議 I turned Markdown into a protocol for generative UI (fabian-kuebler.com)
166. Gauntlet AI(YC 第17期):包機送你到奧斯汀,提供人工智能培訓,併為你提供年薪20萬美元以上的工作 Gauntlet AI (YC S17): Fly you to Austin, train you in AI, give you 200k job (gauntletai.com)
168. Launch HN: Voltair (YC W26) – 面向電力公司的無人機及充電網絡 Voltair (YC W26) – Drone and charging network for power utilities (news.ycombinator.com)
169. 對公司官僚主義的迷戀與判斷力差存在關聯 Love of corporate bullshit is correlated with bad judgment (pluralistic.net)
172. 一輛僅行駛55英里的雪佛蘭方頭車,仍包裹著原廠塑料膜,以10萬美元成交 55-Mile Chevy Squarebody Still Wrapped in Factory Plastic Sells for 100K (www.thedrive.com)
176. Show HN: Mavera——利用生成對抗網絡(GAN)預測受眾反應,而非依賴大型語言模型(LLM)的情感分析 Mavera – Predict audience response with GANs, not LLM sentiment (docs.mavera.io)
177. Launch HN: Canary (YC W26) – 能理解您代碼的 AI 質量保證工具 Canary (YC W26) – AI QA that understands your code (news.ycombinator.com)
178. Show HN: 三款全新的 Kitten TTS 模型——最小的不到 25MB Three new Kitten TTS models – smallest less than 25MB (github.com)
181. 伊朗和以色列襲擊氣田後,油氣價格飆升 Oil and gas prices jump after Iran and Israel attack gasfields (www.theguardian.com)
183. macOS 26 導致自定義 DNS 設置失效,包括 .internal macOS 26 breaks custom DNS settings including .internal (gist.github.com)
190. 關於人臉識別技術應用的下一場爭論,可能會在超市中展開 The next fight over the use of facial recognition could be in the supermarkets (www.politico.com)
195. 那個推翻“王者”的運算符:Python 海象運算符的故事 The Operator That Dethroned a King: Python''s Walrus Operator Story (techlife.blog)
196. Ask HN: 儘管已採取補救措施,AWS 賬戶仍被限制了 18 小時(案例編號 177385077300217) AWS account restricted 18h despite remediation (Case 177385077300217) (news.ycombinator.com)
197. Afroman因在音樂視頻中使用警方突襲畫面勝訴 Afroman Wins Civil Trial over Use of Police Raid Footage in His Music Videos (www.nytimes.com)
198. 封鎖霍爾木茲海峽將扼殺美國國防工業 The strait of Hormuz blockade will strangle US defense industry (www.theguardian.com)
200. 伊朗戰爭引發的能源衝擊促使全球加緊減少對化石燃料的依賴 Iran war energy shock sparks global push to reduce fossil fuel dependence (www.reuters.com)
201. 通過神經細胞自動機對語言模型進行預訓練 Pretraining Language Models via Neural Cellular Automata (hanseungwook.github.io)
202. 據報道,丹麥正為與美國就格陵蘭島問題爆發全面戰爭做準備 Denmark was reportedly preparing for full-scale war with the US over Greenland (bsky.app)
203. 在俄亥俄州警方突襲其住所後提起的誹謗案中,Afroman被判定無責 Afroman found not liable in defamation case brought by Ohio cops who raided home (nypost.com)
205. ICML會議中有2%的論文因作者在評審中使用了大型語言模型而被編輯部直接拒稿 2% of ICML papers desk rejected because the authors used LLM in their reviews (blog.icml.cc)
206. 串行安全網:現代硬件上的高效併發控制 The Serial Safety Net: Efficient Concurrency Control on Modern Hardware (muratbuffalo.blogspot.com)
207. Stdwin:Guido Van Rossum 設計的標準窗口接口 [pdf] Stdwin: Standard window interface by Guido Van Rossum [pdf] (ir.cwi.nl)
208. 將加里·譚(Garry Tan)在領英上的行話翻譯成通俗易懂的英語 Translate Garry Tan''s LinkedIn-speak to plain English (github.com)
209. 首臺通用數字計算機“埃尼阿克”迎來80週年 Eniac, the First General-Purpose Digital Computer, Turns 80 (spectrum.ieee.org)
211. Ask HN: 在招聘前10名員工時,您會關注哪些方面? What do you look for in your first 10 hires? (news.ycombinator.com)
212. Show HN: Pano,一款圍繞可共享書架構建的書籤工具 Pano, a bookmarking tool built around shareable shelves (www.panoit.com)
218. Mozilla 將在即將發佈的 Firefox 149 中推出免費的內置 VPN Mozilla to launch free built-in VPN in upcoming Firefox 149 (cyberinsider.com)
219. Show HN: 支持數百名玩家在廣闊地圖上對戰的瀏覽器端大戰略遊戲 Browser grand strategy game for hundreds of players on huge maps (borderhold.io)
222. Cook:一個用於協調 Claude Code 的簡單命令行工具 Cook: A simple CLI for orchestrating Claude Code (rjcorwin.github.io)
223. Show HN: ATO——一個用於查看和修復 LLM 代理配置的圖形用戶界面 ATO – a GUI to see and fix what your LLM agents configured (github.com)
224. 一名捷克男子在穀倉地基中發現的石塊,竟是罕見的青銅時代矛頭模具 Czech Man''s Stone in Barn''s Foundations Is Rare Bronze Age Spearhead Mold (www.smithsonianmag.com)
226. 美國主要城市“零槍擊”日數量減少 Shooting-Free Days Decline in Major U.S. Cities (www.publichealth.columbia.edu)
230. Show HN: 在24B LLM中複製3個層,邏輯推導結果為0.220.76。無需訓練 Duplicate 3 layers in a 24B LLM, logical deduction .22.76. No training (github.com)
236. Nvidia GreenBoost:利用系統內存/NVMe透明擴展 GPU 顯存 Nvidia greenboost: transparently extend GPU VRAM using system RAM/NVMe (gitlab.com)
237. 貶低美國盟友最終會損害國家安全 Trashing American Allies Turns Out to Be Bad for National Security (www.theatlantic.com)
240. Show HN: Elisym——供人工智能代理相互發現並進行支付的開放協議 Elisym – Open protocol for AI agents to discover and pay each other (news.ycombinator.com)
241. 聯邦調查局局長證實,該局正在購買位置數據以追蹤美國公民 FBI is buying location data to track US citizens, director confirms (techcrunch.com)
242. 我根據宣傳照片對 TiinyAI Pocket Lab 進行了逆向工程 I reverse-engineered the TiinyAI Pocket Lab from marketing photos (bay41.com)
244. Show HN: 我製作了48張輕量級SVG背景圖,您可以直接複製粘貼 I built 48 lightweight SVG backgrounds you can copy/paste (www.svgbackgrounds.com)
246. 別再給克勞德花錢了,Chipotle的聊天機器人是免費的 Stop spending money on Claude, Chipotle''s chat bot is free (www.reddit.com)
250. 多格市取消了北卡羅來納州博物館的暖通空調系統撥款,此前ChatGPT將其標記為DEI項目 DOGE canceled NC Museum grant for HVAC systems after ChatGPT flagged it as DEI (myfox8.com)
252. 民調顯示:美國人認為人工智能是加劇財富不平等的推手 Americans Recognize AI as a Wealth Inequality Machine, Polls Find (gizmodo.com)
253. Show HN: Tmux-IDE,一款以代理為中心的開源終端集成開發環境 Tmux-IDE, OSS agent-first terminal IDE (tmux.thijsverreck.com)
255. 用於三角形和六邊形像素的抖動生成器 (2025) A dither generator for triangular and hexagonal pixels (2025) (danieltemkin.com)
256. 以色列襲擊伊朗南帕爾斯氣田,導致能源價格飆升 Iran''s South Pars Gas Field Is Attacked by Israel, Sending Energy Prices Soaring (www.nytimes.com)
258. CVE-2026-3888:Snap 存在重大漏洞,可導致本地權限提升至 root 級別 CVE-2026-3888: Important Snap Flaw Enables Local Privilege Escalation to Root (blog.qualys.com)
261. 谷歌工程師推出“Sashiko”,用於Linux內核的代理式AI代碼審查 Google Engineers Launch "Sashiko" for Agentic AI Code Review of the Linux Kernel (www.phoronix.com)
262. Show HN: Hacker News 存檔(4700 多萬條,11.6GB)以 Parquet 格式提供,每 5 分鐘更新一次 Hacker News archive (47M items, 11.6GB) as Parquet, updated every 5m (huggingface.co)
264. 隔壁開了一家數據中心。接著便傳來一陣尖銳的嗡鳴聲 A data center opened next door. Then came the high-pitched whine (www.politico.com)
265. 朝鮮10萬名假IT工作者每年為金正恩賺取5億美元 North Korean''s 100k fake IT workers net 500M a year for Kim (www.theregister.com)
268. Wander——一款微型去中心化工具(僅需2個文件),用於探索微型網絡 Wander – A tiny, decentralised tool (just 2 files) to explore the small web (susam.net)
269. Snowflake AI 逃離沙箱並執行惡意軟件 Snowflake AI Escapes Sandbox and Executes Malware (www.promptarmor.com)
271. Meta將於6月15日關閉VR平臺Horizon Worlds的訪問權限 Meta will shut down VR Horizon Worlds access June 15 (www.engadget.com)
274. 美國食品藥品監督管理局將此次疫情與生奶酪聯繫起來;生產商“100%不認同”,拒絕召回 FDA links raw cheese to outbreak; Makers "100% disagree," refuse recall (arstechnica.com)
276. 一個採用 Rust 語言編寫、開源的 ngrok 風格安全隧道服務器 A ngrok-style secure tunnel server written in Rust and Open Source (github.com)
277. 一款在實際環境中發現的新工具可破解數億部iPhone Hundreds of Millions of iPhones Can Be Hacked With a New Tool Found in the Wild (www.wired.com)
278. 聯邦網絡安全專家稱微軟雲服務是“一堆垃圾”,卻仍予以批准 Federal Cyber Experts Called Microsoft''s Cloud "A Pile of Shit", yet Approved It (www.propublica.org)
279. 微型攝像頭揭開了大金字塔中一條隱秘通道的秘密 A Tiny Camera Revealed a Hidden Passage in the Great Pyramid (modernengineeringmarvels.com)
281. 因欺詐罪獲赦,某公司首席執行官重振旗鼓:“現在我們可以信任你了” Pardoned for Fraud, a CEO Mounts His Comeback: ''We Can Trust You Now'' (www.wsj.com)
283. 一位科技愛好者僅用96美元的零部件,製作出了肩扛式制導導彈原型機 Tech hobbyist makes shoulder-mounted guided missile prototype with 96 in parts (www.tomshardware.com)
288. Ask HN: 當團隊規模從10人擴大到50人時,首先會出現什麼問題? What breaks first when your team grows from 10 to 50 people? (news.ycombinator.com)
289. Kagi正在考慮將該助手從其專業級別中移除 Kagi is contemplating the removal of the assistant from its professional tier (kagifeedback.org)
292. Nightingale——一款開源卡拉OK應用,支持電腦中的任何歌曲 Nightingale – open-source karaoke app that works with any song on your computer (nightingale.cafe)
295. 聚合文件系統(AGFS),是對 Plan 9 精神的現代致敬 Aggregated File System (AGFS), a modern tribute to the spirit of Plan 9 (github.com)
297. Show HN: Pgit – 基於 PostgreSQL 的類 Git 命令行工具 Pgit – A Git-like CLI backed by PostgreSQL (oseifert.ch)
298. 微軟ClearType字體集合評測(2005) Review of Microsoft''s ClearType Font Collection (2005) (typographica.org)
300. Ndea(YC W26)正在招聘一名符號強化學習搜索指導負責人 Ndea (YC W26) is hiring a symbolic RL search guidance lead (ndea.com)